Direct and Indirect Speech
Sources: http://kanjengguru.blog.com/materi-grammar/direct-and-indirect-speech/
Sentences Sentences Direct And Indirect
When the reported speech stated that the actual words, this is called direct speech (direct line). Sentences are not connected by “that” it shall be marked with (punctuation) coma.
When the reported speech to the main content of words used by the speaker and not the actual words are called indirect speech (indirect line). In indirect speech sentences were associated with the word “that”.
Form of the reporting verb is not changed, but the reported speech form should be modified based on the reporting verb form.
Two-way transformation of the time in reported speech:
Regulation I
If the reporting verb is past tense, present tense verb in reported speech must be converted into one of four forms of past tense.
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
Simple Present – be – Simple Past
He said “The woman comes” That the woman He said CAME
From the above examples we can conclude the changes to the form of reported speech as follows:
Direct Speech
Simple Present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Indirect Speech Present
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
Exceptions:
If the reported speech related to general truths or facts that have become
habit, or the simple present indefinite present in the reported speech is not transformed into
the past tense is appropriate, but still just as adanmya, for example:
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
He said, “The Sun Rises in the east” – He said That the sun Rises in the east
In reported speech, when the present tense changed to past tense with the rules I, adjectives, verbs or adverbs generally changed:
Direct Speech
this = this
= these are
come = to come
here = here, here
Hence = from here
Hither = to this place
ago = ago
now = now
today = today
tomorrow = tomorrow
yesterday = yesterday
last night = last night
next week = next week
Thus Spake = this
example:
He said, “I will come here”. Indirect Speech
That = was
Those = the
go = go
there = over there, over there
thence = from there
thither = to that place
before = first
then = at that time
that day = day
The next day next day =
the previous day = the day before
the previous night = night before
Following the week = next week
so = so
He said That he would go there
But if this, here, now and so indicate on the object, place or time when the talking, then do not change.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said That this was his pen
(When talking pen in the hands of the speaker)
Regulation II
1) When the news reported speech sentences
With regulatory reporting verb is considered in the present or future tense and anytime this particular case, the form of the verb in reported speech are not changed at all in changing direct into indirect speech.
Reporting verb – Reported speech
Present tense – Any tense (form any time)
Direct: She says to her friend, “I have been writing”.
Indirect: She says to her friend That he has been writing. (No change)
Direct: She has told you, “I am reading”.
Indirect: She has told you That he is reading. (No change)
Direct: She will say, “You have done wrongly”.
Indirect: She will tell you That you have done wrongly. (No change)
Direct: She will say, “The boy Was not lazy”.
Indirect: She will tell them the Boy That Was not lazy. (No change)
2) If the reported speech is an interrogative sentence
a) Reporting verb say or ask or tell converted to inquire. By repeating words and asked to change tenses when asked the question begins with the word preached.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?” Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Using the if or whether as a link between reporting and reported speech and verb tenses change, if the question begins with a verb reported:
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today? ”
He asked me, “can you come along?” Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I Could come along.
3) The sentence commands (imperative sentences)
If the reported speech is a command line, reporting verbs say or tell to be converted into a particular verb that indicates:
• command (command), for example, ordered, commanded, etc. which means sent, ordered.
• precept (guidance, counseling, education), for example, advised that means advising.
• request (petition), for example, asked that means asking, begging.
• entreaty (urgent request), for example, begged that means asking, begging (very).
• Prohibition (ban), for example, forbade that means banning.
In a change from the direct sentences into indirect sentences, imperative mode should be replaced with the infinitive. Strictly speaking, reported verb (a verb or a verb reported in reported speech) should be changed to the infinitive with to.
a) Command:
Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect: He ordered his servant to go away at once
b) Precept:
Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect: He advised her son to study hard
c) Request:
Direct: He said to his friend, “Please Lend me your pen?”
Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to Lend him his pencil
d) Entreaty:
Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e) Prohibition:
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Do not go there”
Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there
If the reporting verb say or tell converted into a verb reported ask, order, command, etc. (but if not forbid), the predicate is converted into the infinitive with to, which is preceded by a note or no + infinitive with to.
Direct: She said to her daughter, “Do not go there”
Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4) Sentence exciting (exclamatory sentences)
When the reported speech consists of words or phrases called optative, reporting verb say
or should be changed to tell the particular verb such as exclaim, cry out,
pray and so on.
a) Exclamatory sentences
Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come ”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy That his old friend had come.
b) Optative sentences (sentences that express hope, praise, etc.)
Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son”
Indirect: He prayed That God would bless his dear son.
Example question:
Sources: http://4englishcourses.blogspot.com/2011/07/latihan-bahasa-inggris-materi-direct.html
A. Beckham: Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?
Raul: Of course. He said the previous day ____.
a. had gone to his country d. he went to his country
b. he has gone to his country e. he goes to his country
c. he will go to his country
Answer: A (if the sentence straight / simple past direct, indirect / roundabout should
past perfect)
2. Teacher: Why Mary was absent yesterday?
Jennifer: What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy: he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent d. That Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent e. why Mary had been absent
c. why Mary was absent
Answer: E (direct Wh-question form the past tense form so indirec
past perfect)
3. Mother: Do not be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
Herman: Okay, mom.
Rudy: What did your mother just told you?
Herman: She ___ Because of toll me the baby was sleeping.
a. I Was not so noisy d. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy e. to be not so noisy
c. do not be noisy
Answer: B (direct: + do not be so indirect: not + to be)
4. Doctor: Open your mouth!
Mother: What did the doctor tell you?
Son: The doctor of toll me ___
a. That I open his mouth d. to open my mouth
b. if I opened my mouth e. opened my mouth
c. to open my mouth
Answer: D (direct: V1 + O then direct: to V1 + O)
5. Mother: Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?
Mother asked me ____
a. whether I wanted fried meatball or shicken
b. whether I want fried chicken or meatball
c. That I wanted fried chicken or meatball
d. That I want fried chicken or meatball
e. if I want fried chicken or meatball
Answer: A (direct: do / does + S + V1 is indirect: if / whether + S + V2)
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